The creation of a fruitful innovative eco-environment in the country is hindered by conceptual barriers.The article identifies four groups of such barriers. It proposes a strategy for overcoming them based on comparing the functions necessary for the innovative development of social practices and the natural mechanisms of the birth of new life. This allows us to formulate a set of pragmatic recommendations for creating an innovative eco-environment for a wide range of industries. Similar to the natural dynamics of childbirth, this approach is referred to as the placental approach.
Keywords: innovation, innovation infrastructure, acceleration, eco-environment, placenta, development.
Conceptual Barriers to Innovation
Judging by the public and scientific rhetoric, Russia has experienced a strong wave of economic and social renewal through the rational organization of innovation activities. However, as is often the case with any wave, it brings both new opportunities and a lot of "garbage." The opportunities include the creation of numerous organizations and the launch of programs aimed at building a national innovation system. The "garbage" includes examples of foreign experiences in launching innovation processes that are being fully transferred to the Russian cultural context. These include attempts to see an intensive increase in innovation at enterprises that have not yet reached the "fourth milestone of innovation development," where all innovation tools are focused on internal innovation activities [1]. The common terminology used to describe the innovation process also appears to be empty. For example, there are frequent calls for modernization, which refers to the stylization (modern = style) of the country's economy, when it actually requires a different approach - a developmental update. It is well known that modernizing disorder leads to a modernized disorder, and nothing more. This observation suggests that the challenges in organizing innovation activities are conceptual in nature.
In many modern practices, the idea of the content of innovation activity is blurred, that is, it is taken without conceptual grounds. For example, most Russian innovation incubators are engaged in providing small businesses with access to professional advice, production facilities, office space and equipment in exchange for a share in equity or for monthly rent [2]. Almost everything here is meaningless. What kind of enterprises can we talk about if the ideas of future renovation are still only in the minds of individuals? What is accessibility for if it is not yet clear what and why? What kind of capital can we talk about if at the beginning of the journey the inventors are on the other side of any resources other than the resource of the idea itself?
Another conceptual pit is on the threshold of decisions regarding the distribution of expected success from innovation activities. The share of future profits that accelerators take from innovators ranges from 5 to 50% [3]. It is obvious to many that innovations do not survive with a large proportion of "fees" for contacts and mentoring. Many startup opportunities are being killed by incorrect calculations of the merits of the innovative infrastructure (AI). And it is quite clear that new life flows only where these calculations are more accurate, for example, in Singapore, where one of the highest performance innovation mechanisms is "calculated". There, smart-government enters startups with public money and, when fully launched, easily exits them without taking capital with them. Of course, with a small share of pay for future success, AI itself does not survive. In other words, the problem of innovation support is not solved simply — there have not yet been serious conceptual solutions.
The third cluster of conceptual difficulties is in the field of organizing the activities of various forms of innovation. The stability of repetitions is necessary for their existence. Something has to be fixed in them, despite the fact that they work with dynamics. As L. Wittgenstein wrote, "in order for the door to open, the hinges must be fixed" [4]. But it is unwise to identify an accelerator with an assembly line, with a "pipe" through which various innovations "flow". Here, with each new innovative project, the "pipe" itself must change [5].
Another group of conceptual barriers to innovation is formed by decisions regarding the context (conditions) for the successful implantation of developing ideas into social practice. A common list of problems, such as small innovative businesses, has not changed since the beginning of the millennium:
How can we increase the productivity of updating social practices through innovation in the presence of such barriers? Our answer is that it is worth measuring it against the productivity of wildlife itself and learning from it. It continuously renews itself, replacing one generation with another — people are born from embryos, and then subjects are formed. The same thing happens in innovation — from the conception of an idea to the noticeable development of at least one social practice. Just like in innovation, the insane number of barriers to turning "I want" into a new living thing slows down life itself. And yet she breaks through the obstacles. This analogy raises the question: can we not rise above nature by learning from it in increasing the amount of life? The nature of the origin of ideas is similar to the nature of conception — it is a mystery. And the nature of carrying ideas before noticeable changes in social practice is similar to the nature of carrying a child. The place where this happens in wildlife is the placenta (baby's place). Thanks to the placenta, mammals have moved to the forefront of evolution. It is worth learning from her how to build a natural strategy for the development of innovation.
Placental functions of AI
The placenta is an interconnected shell supported by the maternal body that performs all vital functions for the development of the fetus from the embryo and the birth of a new life [6]. The placenta performs all (!) functions of the internal organs of the fetus, while these organs become and go to full "capacity". Everything except the heart.
The team of innovators should have their own heart. Everything else can grow in a healthy placenta. It is the composition of its functions that can serve as a prototype of the placenta for innovation. There are several of them.
The function of providing viviparous material
In the placenta, this material is oxygen. In innovation, competencies and finance are such materials. They should be in moderation. Where, in the early stages, an author inspired by his idea is offered money for a serious stake in a future business, creative pregnancy remains. The inventor takes them because he doesn't know the consequences yet, but he already wants them. He, who does not yet know what to grab in the first place, is offered to raise his competence in what he will need very soon, for example, in accounting, in the selection of non-residential premises, in the organization of exhibitions. And the startup burns up in an "excess" of oxygen. At the incubation stage, the inventor only needs to construct the first "cell" of the future business — the product relationship. The first battalion of embryos is dying in the first functional shell of the placenta for innovation. He is covered by the "heavy artillery" of the requirements for business incubators from the order of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia dated April 25, 2008 No. 119. What is required of them is not at all what is needed for the first weeks of an innovative pregnancy.
Aggressive environment protection function
In a living organism, this function acts as an immune defense, for which the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is created. The placenta selectively passes maternal antibodies to the fetus to protect it. This forms the beginnings of a child's future immune system. In an innovative environment, this function should be implemented by recognizing the original identity of the startup team and "subtle" interference in its "genetic code." Startup assistants should protect them from themselves. This means not instilling your own business model in the team. For example, the vast majority of modern Russian accelerators are organized pathologically, because they do not care about startups, but about income, considering investors as their clients and using startups as "goods". Taking this model of activity as a model, novice innovators will find themselves without an immune system that protects from the temptation to pursue income from the resale of business shares instead of income from the development of social practice.
The secret of the immune system is that the fetus must encounter the virus as early as possible in order to overcome it. Startups need the same vaccine. In this functional shell of the placenta, the second battalion of embryos usually dies for innovation. He is captivated by the temptations of venture capital games, leading him astray from the path to "exit", to birth for the sake of further development of himself and the world.
The function of metabolism
This transport function is performed by the hematoplacental barrier (HPB). Thanks to it, the placenta does not accumulate, for example, oxygen. It is "fed" to the fetus continuously. In the same way, waste is continuously output. The exchange is ongoing. GPB is a highly selective filter that works in both directions. In a healthy innovation exchange, everything happens the same way. Startups receive filtered information, competencies, contacts, captured experiences, problem-solving methods, motivating incentives, finances, people, and other resources from their placental assistants. Problems, ideas, requests, errors are moving in the opposite direction — everything that develops the "shell". This mutually-directed process is particularly pronounced in startups in India, where a different model of innovation activity is being built from the West. It is based not on the "round-robin" logic of obstetrics, but on the logic of the "possibilities of an inspired crowd" (the company's "six pillars" model Mahindra). This idea is embedded in India's scientific, technological and innovation policy, which has been in force since 2013 and has given a powerful impetus to the country's economic recovery.
Most Russian accelerators have chosen a different tradition for themselves — the tradition of "watching". Instead of the hard work of the GPB, the main process in it is the preparation for the "wedding". And here everything goes according to the original order: bride price, wedding, registration, walk, banquet, fight, hangover. Disruption or suspension of the exchange process leads to miscarriages. In the GPB of the innovation process, a half-platoon remains from the third battalion of em-brions.
Power function
The placenta is designed so that throughout the entire period of pregnancy, the fetus is supplied with everything necessary for development. The placenta is also able to choose the method of "feeding". This is done using placental lactogen. Metabolism can occur in different ways — either in the form of passive diffusion, or in the form of forced shocks (osmosis). In innovation, the type of trophic function depends on the state of the startup team. Given the peculiarities of the Russian soul, the method of "feeding" in the placenta for innovation should be derived from the Le Chatelier—Brown principle (the thermodynamic principle of mobile equilibrium), that is, it should be forced-nonlinear. Then at least five of the third battalion's half-platoon will survive.
Excretory function
It is performed in the placenta by the "mechanics" of the same GPB. With its help, all the blood breakdown products of the growing fetus are removed. The first thing that the startup team should be rid of is the prevailing idea of the distribution of labor. The traditionally pernicious misconception here is that everyone in it has to do "their own thing": the inventor — to invent, the negotiator — to negotiate, etc. This business model does not work in the innovation process. Where this is understood, they begin by decisively retraining the team, preparing it for a new role — "transferring economic resources from the sphere of low productivity to the sphere of high productivity" [7].
For this, the ability to continuously initiate new solutions to emerging problems is mobilized, ruthlessly rejecting the spent. It is appropriate to designate this type of activity as "fractal innovations" (self-similar innovations). The second thing a startup team should get rid of is project thinking. To create innovations, the team must think about the future of a specific product, reducing all thoughts and decisions to it. Instead of project teams, they should become product teams. Only the second ones come out. Of the five, one dies here. The remaining four continue to fight for their lives.
The function of stimulating the activity of processes (hormonal)
Fetal activity is stimulated according to the principle of "excessive reward" [8]. The development of a living being is a process during which its energy fund progressively increases, reaching a maximum in the adult childbearing period (negentropic theory of development). With any movement, with any activity of the fetus, the placenta gives it a little more than it needed, "encouraging" it to increase activity (Fig. 1).
The practice of "investment rounds" does not solve this problem in any way. Rounds are tools for investors, not for startup teams. In order to develop the ability to survive, the startup team must learn how to continuously deal with the surrounding chaos by organizing it. This can only happen with the cyclical nature of the acceleration of ideas with an increasing capacity to support solutions to emerging problems. This is the only way they can have a new (fifth) dimension. By the usual four, they should have a "second time" — a non-heentropic one, during which they would acquire additional materials and energy reserves, enhancing their adaptive properties. This time should gain acceleration (Fig. 2).
With the weakness of "excessive remuneration", one of the remaining four startups does not survive.
The differentiation function
This is the prevention and resolution of conflicts between the fetus and the mother. The same function should work in accelerators. At first, the startup team should be provided with materials as much as possible: competencies, contacts, people, finances, qualified time, and everything else. As her abilities increase, this type of support should weaken and another one should increase. At some point, the team needs "materials" that contribute to its independence. Nature knows of only one kind of such "material" — these are problems. The team should increase their independent "meetings" with problems and their resolution. The moment of maximum independence should be carefully monitored so as not to be late with the "birth" (Fig. 3).
The fact is that time is becoming more expensive than money. From an economic point of view, innovation is not an invention itself, but an implemented way of using it in the processes of technological division of labor. The essential thing that the product team puts into creating a new activity is time. The time saved during acceleration is a product that can be offered to managers of large and medium—sized companies to strengthen their positions in a competitive economy. Here, the company created during the acceleration becomes the object of sale. That is why the moment of the "birth" of innovation is as significant as the birth of a human cub. Underperforming startups get sick, wither away, and die on the mountain of "parents." But with mutual support, the survivors come out of the "encirclement." That leaves two men from the regiment.
Among all these amazing functions of the placenta, there is one in which one can distinguish the care of nature not only for the conceived fetus, but also for the tribe of the human race. It turns out that there are situations when the placenta produces antibodies directed against the fetus. In other words, she prefers to kill the fetus rather than let it develop with blurred distinctions. This begins with an aggravation of the mother's sensitivity to the inferiority of fetal development (sensitization of the body). This is how the function of protecting the philae (tribe) from an inferior individual who can lower its vitality is triggered. This is how phylogeny is protected from unsuccessful ontogenesis. In our conditions, this function is weakened. This can be seen at least by the example of innovations such as "dual education", "applied university", "non-physical teleportation" and a number of others.
The life cycle of the innovation environment
The placenta itself goes through special stages — formation, growth, maturity, aging, death, and rebirth. The analogy with this mystery of nature leads to the decision that, in accordance with each new startup, in fact, any AI object should be built. This is not news — in the same way, for each new type of high-rise building, the entire technological equipment is designed and created: a crane, technological elevators, etc.
And only after that the construction begins. In other words, AI should have the property of autopoiesis [9] — self-construction, self-reproduction. This property occurs in organizations built according to the type of "open systems" [3]. However, judging by the public offerings of the Top 10 most active accelerators in Russia, their support programs have not changed over the years.
And if, after working out all the functions of the placenta for innovation, at least one "warrior" remains from the regiment storming the breakthrough to a new life, then this will be the winner, and his strategy will be victorious. A strategy for organizing an innovative environment should be built in its likeness as a strategy for growing innovations with maximum fertility of new healthy social practices.
References
1. Trotter A. Six Lessons for Corporations Building Innovation Accelerators. Innosight, 2013, August, available at: http://www.innosight.com/innovation- resources/strategy-innovation/six-lessons-for-corporations-building-innovation-accelerators.cfm.
2. Zhukov A. Stimulirovanie innovatsionnoy deyatel’nosti malogo i srednego biznesa [Stimulating Innovative Activity of Small and Medium Business]. Problemy teorii i praktiki upravleniya, 2001, no. 4, pp. 9–14.
3. Bertalanfi L., fon. Obshchaya teoriya sistem: Kriticheskiy obzor. Issledovaniya po obshchey teorii sistem [General Theory of Systems: A Critical Review: Studies in the General Theory of Systems]. Moscow, Progress, 1969, pp. 23–82.
4. Vitgenshteyn L. Logiko-filosofskiy traktat [Logico-Philosophical Tractate]. Moscow, Nauka, 1958 (2009), 133 p.
5. Fankhauser D. The Pros and Cons of Startup Accelerators. Mashable. 2013, June, 11, available at: http://mashable.com/2013/06/11/startup-accelerator- growth/
6. Sapin M.R., Bilich G.L. Anatomiya cheloveka [Human Anatomy]. Moscow, GEOTAR-Media, 2009, tom 2, 496 p.
7. Sey Zh.-B. Traktat po politicheskoy ekonomii [Treatise on Political Economy]. Zhan-Batist Sey. Ekonomicheskie sofizmy; Ekonomicheskie garmonii [Economic Sophisms; Economic Harmony]. Moscow, Delo, 2000, 229 p.
8. Arshavskiy I.A. Fiziologicheskie mekhanizmy individual’nogo razvitiya [Physiological Mechanisms of Individual Development]. Moscow, Nauka, 1982, p. 270.
9. Maturana U., Varela F. Drevo poznaniya: Biologicheskie korni chelovecheskogo ponimaniya [The Tree of Knowledge: Biological Roots of Human Comprehension]. Moscow, Progress-Traditsiya, 2001, 224 p.
Детально разобрав механизм универсального кожного зуда, а также основанные на его понимании подходы в диагностике и лечении, появилась потребность разобрать и другие «зудящие дерматозы». Однозначен ли объединяющий их термин – зудящие? узнать ответ...
The release of Matrix GO version Y with all the bells and whistles and compliance with all the requirements is already being actively implemented in clinics.number of pragmatic solutions for managing the clinic are offered. Do not wait for new requirements to take you by surprise!e!
Оценка безопасности поставляемой в рынок продукции, без которой реализация невозможна и незаконна, охраняя здоровье потребителя, не гарантирует ему заявленную производителем эффективность. Между тем, давно существует оборудование для оценки параметров кожи, которое в руках специалистов может быть использовано для объективной оценки эффективности косметической продукции и аппаратных методов.
